Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage and its severe forms with blood loss evaluated objectively - a prospective cohort study / Fatores de risco para hemorragia pós-parto e suas formas graves com perda sanguínea avaliada objetivamente - Um estudo de coorte prospectivo

Abstract Objective To identify risk factors related to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and severe PPH with blood loss quantified objectively. Methods This is a complementary analysis of a prospective cohort study that included pregnant women delivering vaginally. The total blood loss was obtained through the sum of the volume collected from the drape with the weight of gauzes, compresses and pads used by women within 2 hours. Exploratory data analysis was performed to assess mean, standard deviation (SD), frequency, percentage and percentiles. The risk factors for postpartum bleeding were evaluated using linear and logistic regression. Results We included 270 women. Themean blood loss at 120 minutes was 427.49 mL (±335.57 mL). Thirty-one percent (84 women) bled > 500mL and 8.2% (22 women) bled > 1,000 mL within 2 hours. Episiotomy, longer second stage of labor and forceps delivery were related to blood loss > 500mL within 2 hours, in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only forceps remained associated with bleeding > 500 mL within 2 hours (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5 [2.85-31.53]). Previous anemia and episiotomy were also related to blood loss > 1,000mL. Conclusion Prolonged second stage of labor, forceps and episiotomy are related to increased incidence of PPH, and should be used as an alert for the delivery assistants for early recognition and prompt treatment for PPH.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os fatores de risco para hemorragia pós-parto e hemorragia pósparto grave com o sangramento pós-parto avaliado objetivamente. Métodos Trata-se de uma análise complementar de umestudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu somente mulheres que evoluíram para parto vaginal. O total de perda sanguínea foi avaliado objetivamente durante 24 horas pós-parto através da soma da quantidade de sangue mensurada através de um coletor de sangue pós-parto somado ao peso de compressas, gases e absorventes utilizados no período pós-parto. Análises exploratórias dos dados foram realizadas através do cálculo de médias, desvio-padrão (DP), frequência, porcentagem e percentis. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados através de regressão linear e logística. Resultados Foram incluídas 270 mulheres. A média de perda sanguínea pós-parto após 120 minutos foi de 427.49 mL (±335.57 mL). Trinta e umpor cento (84 mulheres) sangraram> 500mL e 8,2% (22 mulheres) sangraram > 1.000mL em 2 horas. Episiotomia, segundo período do parto prolongado e uso de fórceps estiveram associados a perda sanguínea > 500mL em 2 horas. Na análise multivariada, somente fórceps manteve-se entre os fatores de risco para sangramentos superiores a 500mL em 2 horas (odds ratio [OR] = 9.5 [2.85-31.53]). Anemia prévia e episiotomia estiveram associadas com perda sanguínea > 1.000 mL. Conclusão Segundo período do parto prolongado, fórceps e episiotomia estão associados a aumento da incidência de hemorragia pós-parto e devem ser usados como um alerta para os profissionais de saúde para o reconhecimento precoce e tratamento imediato da patologia.

Is it possible to predict massive bleeding in nulliparous women with placenta previa?

Abstract Objective We evaluated risk factors to determine if there were specific risk factors that could predict massive bleeding in nulliparous women with placenta previa. Methods The participants were classified into two groups. Women with a calculated blood loss ≥ 1,000mL were included in the massive bleeding group. Women without any signs or symptoms related with hypovolemia or with a calculated bleeding volume < 1,000 mL were categorized into the non-massive bleeding group. Results There were 28 patients (40.6%) with massive bleeding and 41 cases (59.4%) with non-massive bleeding. The calculated blood loss and number of cases that required red cell transfusions were statistically different between the groups (< 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of maternal or fetal factors, placental location, or delivery characteristics between the two groups. Conclusion We could not determine the predictive features for massive hemorrhage based on clinical features, delivery features, or placental location.

Contexto de las hemorragias, en el puerperio inmediato / Context of hemorrhages, in the immediate puerperium

La hemorragia postparto es una de las complicaciones obstétricas más temidas por los obstetras a nivel mundial, pudiendo causar la muerte de las puérperas. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las causas de las hemorragias y las patologías asociadas a estas en las pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Enrique C. Sotomayor de Guayaquil, Ecuador en el periodo 2016­2018 y que estaban en su puerperio inmediato. Las mujeres atendidas en ese periodo en dicha institución fueron 528, de las cuales 160 presentaron hemorragias en el puerperio inmediato. Las hemorragias por desgarro del suelo pélvico representaron un 48,75% y se asociaron en un 35% a hematomas en las paredes del suelo, las causadas por retención de restos placentarios, constituyeron un 26,25% y el 20% presentó acretismo placentario y finalmente las ocasionadas por atonía uterina fueron de un 25%, correspondiendo un 25% a coagulopatías. Se concluyó que las hemorragias postparto por desgarro del suelo pélvico son la causa con mayor porcentaje en contraposición con otros estudios que indican que la atonía uterina es la causa más frecuente de hemorragias postparto inmediato(AU)

Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the obstetric complications most feared by obstetricians worldwide, and may cause the death of puerperal women. The objective of this study was to determine the causes of hemorrhages and the pathologies associated with these in the patients treated at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Obstetric Hospital of Guayaquil, Ecuador in the period 2016 - 2018 and that were in their immediate puerperium. The women who attended in that period were 528 women, 160 of them presented hemorrhages in the immediate puerperium. Hemorrhages by pelvic floor tearing represented 48.75% and 35% were associated to bruises in the floor walls, those caused by retention of placental remains constituted 26.25% and 20% presented accretism and finally those caused by uterine atony were 25% while 25% corresponded to coagulopathies. We concluded that the postpartum hemorrhages by tearing of the pelvic floor are the cause with the highest percentage; in contrast to other studies, which indicate that uterine aton is the most frequent cause of immediate postpartum hemorrhage(AU)

Embolization of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma in puerpera / Embolização de angiomiolipoma renal roto em puérpera

Abstract Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are rare benign tumors derived from mesenchymal tissue and composed of varying degrees of adipose tissue, muscle and blood vessels. Renal AMLs (RAMLs) are the result of a sporadic event, and, in most of cases, the diagnosis is usually incidental, but hemorrhage and shock may be present. During pregnancy, the size of AMLs may increase and they may rupture, probably due to the high expression of hormone receptors, and the increase in maternal circulation and abdominal pressure. The authors present a case of a woman with ruptured RAML submitted to urgent endovascular treatment four days after giving birth by cesarean section.

Resumo Angiomiolipomas (AMLs) são tumores benignos raros derivados do tecido mesenquimal, compostos em graus variados de tecido adiposo, muscular e de vasos sanguíneos. Os AMLs renais (AMLRs) resultam de um evento esporádico e, na maioria dos casos, o diagnóstico costuma ser fortuito, mas quadros de hemorragia e choque podem estar presentes. Durante a gestação, os AMLs podem aumentar de tamanho e romper, provavelmente pela altaexpressãodereceptoreshormonais,epeloaumentodacirculaçãomaternaedapressão abdominal. Os autores apresentam um caso de uma paciente com AMLR roto submetida a tratamento endovascular de urgência no quarto dia pós-operatório de uma cesariana.

Cost-effectiveness of carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage resulting from uterine atony in women at high-risk for bleeding in Colombia / Rendimento da carbetocina versus oxitocina para a prevenção da hemorragia pós-parto resultante da atonia uterina em mulheres com alto risco de sangramento na Colômbia

Abstract Objective To assess the cost-effectiveness of carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) due to uterine atony after vaginal delivery/ cesarean section in women with risk factors for bleeding. Methods A decision treewas developed for vaginal delivery andanother one for cesarean, in which a sequential analysis of the results was obtained with the use of carbetocin and oxytocin for prevention of PPH and related consequences. A third-party payer perspective was used; only directmedical costs were considered. Incremental costs and effectiveness in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were evaluated for a one-year timehorizon. The costs were expressed in 2016 Colombian pesos (1 USD = 3,051 Col$). Results In the vaginal delivery model, the average cost of care for a patient receiving prophylaxis with uterotonic agents was Col$ 347,750 with carbetocin and Col$ 262,491 with oxytocin,while theQALYs were 0.9980 and 0.9979, respectively. The incremental costeffectiveness ratio is above the cost-effectiveness threshold adopted by Colombia. In the model developed for cesarean section, the average cost of a patient receiving prophylaxis with uterotonics was Col$ 461,750 with carbetocin, and Col$ 481,866 with oxytocin, and the QALYs were 0.9959 and 0.9926, respectively. Carbetocin has lower cost and is more effective, with a saving of Col$ 94,887 per avoided hemorrhagic event. Conclusion In case of elective cesarean delivery, carbetocin is a dominant alternative in the prevention of PPH compared with oxytocin; however, it presents higher costs than oxytocin, with similar effectiveness, in cases of vaginal delivery.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a relação custo-eficácia da carbetocina versus oxitocina para prevenção de hemorragia pós-parto (HPP) vaginal e cesariana devido à atonia uterina em mulheres com fatores de risco para desenvolver sangramento. Métodos Foram desenvolvidos protocolos de manejo para parto vaginal e outra para parto por cesárea e analisados resultados obtidos com carbetocina e oxitocina na prevenção de HPP, assim como, consequências relacionadas à ocorrência do evento hemorrágico. A perspectiva utilizada foi a do terceiro pagador, portanto, apenas os custos médicos diretos foram levados em consideração. Os custos incrementais e a eficácia em termos de anos de vida ajustados pela qualidade (QALY) foram avaliados para um horizonte de tempo de um ano. Os custos foram expressos em pesos colombianos de 2016 (1 USD = 3.051 Col$). Resultados No modelo de parto vaginal, o customédio de cuidados para um paciente que recebeu profilaxia com agentes uterotônicos foi de Col$ 347.750 com carbetocina e Col$ 262.491 com oxitocina, enquanto os QALYs foram 0,9980 e 0,9979, respectivamente. O índice incremental de custo-efetividade está acima do limite de custoefetividade adotado pela Colômbia. No modelo desenvolvido para parto por cesárea, o custo médio do paciente que recebeu profilaxia com terapia uterotônica foi de Col$ 461.750 com carbetocina e Col$ 481.866 com oxitocina e os QALYs foram 0,9959 e 0,9926, respectivamente. A carbetocina foi a alternativa com menor custo e maior efetividade com uma economia de $94.887 por evento hemorrágico evitado. Conclusão A carbetocina no parto eletivo por cesárea é uma alternativa dominante na prevenção da PPH em relação à oxitocina; porém representa custos mais altos com uma eficácia similar à da oxitocina no caso de parto vaginal.

Modified pereira suture as an effective option to treat postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony / Sutura de Pereira modificada como uma opção eficaz para tratar a hemorragia causada por atonia uterina

Abstract Nowadays, postpartum hemorrhage is the major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Uterine atony is its main cause; thus, prophylactic measures, as well as medical and surgical fast approaches, have been developed to manage it. The uterine compression sutures are a possible treatment that preserves the uterus and, consequently, the fertility potential. Bearing that in mind, we report two cases of postpartum hemorrhage after caesarean section, successfully treated with a new modification of Pereira suture - longitudinal and transverse uterine sutures were applied after no response was registered to the first-line therapies. Both women recovered, and the postpartum evaluation revealed a normal uterus with an adequate blood supply, suggesting potential fertility, as described in the literature regarding this kind of therapeutic approach.

Resumo Atualmente, a hemorragia pós-parto é a maior causa de morbimortalidadematerna em todo o mundo. Sua principal causa é a atonia uterina, pelo que têm sido instituídas e desenvolvidas medidas profiláticas, bem como tratamentos médicos e cirúrgicos para esta complicação. As suturas uterinas de compressão representam uma possibilidade terapêutica que permite a preservação do útero e, por conseguinte, do potencial fértil. Tendo isso por base, apresentamos dois casos de hemorragia pós-parto após cesariana, que foram tratados com sucesso com uma nova modificação da sutura de Pereira - suturas uterinas longitudinais e transversais foram efetuadas após falha das terapias de primeira linha. Ambas as pacientes se recuperaram, e na reavaliação pós-parto objetivou-se um útero normal com manutenção de uma irrigação adequada, sugerindo a preservação do seu potencial fértil, tal como vem sendo descrito na literatura em relação a este tipo de procedimento.

Sutura de B-Lynch en hemorragia postparto por inercia uterina: experiencia Hospital Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse 2013-2016 / B-Lynch suture in postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine inertia: Hospital Experience Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse 2013-2016

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La Hemorragia Postparto (HPP) es uno de los grandes desafíos para el equipo multidisciplinario y sigue siendo una de las principales causas de muerte materna en el mundo, pese a los adelantos en su manejo. Se define como la hemorragia que produce compromise hemodinámico de la paciente e involucra entre el 1 al 5% de todos los partos. Dentro de las técnicas quirúrgicas conservadoras, existen las suturas compresivas, tales como la sutura de B-Lynch. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la efectividad de la sutura de B-Lynch como manejo quirúrgico conservador de hemorragia postparto por inercia uterina, a través de la necesidad de reintervención o de recurrir a la histerectomía obstétrica como manejo quirúrgico final. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo observacional, a través de revisión de fichas clínicas de pacientes sometidas a técnica B-Lynch entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2016, en el Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse. RESULTADOS: En 48 pacientes, la efectividad de la sutura de B-Lynch como técnica única o asociada a ligadura arterias uterinas o hipogástricas fue de 91,7%. Requirieron reintervención 8,3%, no se reportaron muertes fetales ni maternas y se obtuvo sólo un recién nacido con Apgar inferior a 7 a los 5 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La sutura de B-Lynch es una técnica segura, de rápido acceso y con Buenos resultados, por lo que recomendamos su uso en la HPP por inercia uterina que no responde a manejo médico y con deseos de preservación uterina.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Postpartum haemorrhage (HPP) is one of the major challenges for the multidisciplinary team and remains one of the leading causes of maternal death in the world despite advances in its management. It is defined as hemorrhage that produces hemodynamic compromise of the patient and involves between 1 and 5% of all deliveries. Within conservative surgical techniques, there are compressive sutures, such as the B-Lynch suture. Our goal is to determine the effectiveness of B-Lynch suture as a conservative surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage by uterine inertia, through the need for reoperation or to resort to obstetric hysterectomy as final surgical management. METHODS: Retrospective observational study, through review of clinical files of patients submitted to B-Lynch technique between January 2013 and December 2016, at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Service of the Dr. Luis Tisné Brousse Hospital. RESULTS: In 48 patients, the effectiveness of the B-Lynch suture as a single technique or associated with ligature uterine or hypogastric arteries was 91.7%. 8.3% were reoperated, fetal or maternal deaths were not reported, and only one Apgar score was less than 7 at 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: The B-Lynch suture is a safe technique, of fast access and good results, so we recommend its use in PPH by uterine inertia that does not respond to medical management and with desires of uterine preservation.

Postpartum hemorrhage and pregnancy induced hypertension during emergency lower segment cesarean section: dexmedetomidine to our rescue / Hemorragia pós-parto e hipertensão induzida pela gravidez durante cesariana de emergência em segmento uterino inferior: dexmedetomidina para nosso resgate

Abstract Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α-2 agonist which has recently revolutionized our anesthesia and intensive care practice. An obstetric patient presented for emergency cesarean delivery under general anesthesia, with pre-eclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage. In carefully selected cases with refractory hypertension and postpartum hemorrhage, dexmedetomidine can be used for improving overall patient outcome. It was beneficial in controlling both the blood pressure and uterine bleeding during cesarean section in our patient.

Resumo Dexmedetomidina é um α2-agonista altamente seletivo que recentemente revolucionou a nossa prática de anestesia e tratamento intensivo. Uma paciente obstétrica foi admitida para cesariana de emergência sob anestesia geral, com pré-eclâmpsia e hemorragia pós-parto. Em casos cuidadosamente selecionados com hipertensão refratária e hemorragia pós-parto, dexmedetomidina pode ser usada para melhorar o resultado geral da paciente. O fármaco foi benéfico no controle tanto da pressão arterial quanto do sangramento uterino durante cesariana em nossa paciente.

Maternal complications and cesarean section without indication: systematic review and meta-analysis / Complicações maternas e cesárea sem indicação: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the risks of severe acute maternal complications associated with cesarean section without medical indication. METHODS A systematic review was carried out with meta-analysis. The literature search was performed systematically, in multiple stages, in the PubMed, Lilacs, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). The protocol of the study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42016032933. A total of 1,328 articles were found; after selection, eight publications that met the study objective and inclusion criteria were selected, with information on 1,051,543 individuals. RESULTS The results obtained in the meta-analyses indicate that women with cesarean section have a higher chance of maternal death (OR = 3.10, 95%CI 1.92-5.00) and postpartum infection (OR = 2.83, 95%CI, 1.585.06), but they have a lower chance of hemorrhage (OR = 0.52, 95%CI 0.48-0.57). For the blood transfusion outcome, the group effect was not associated with the type of delivery (95%CI 0.88-2.81). CONCLUSIONS The quality of evidence was considered low for hemorrhage and blood transfusion and moderate for postpartum infection and maternal death. Thus, cesarean sections should be performed with caution and safety, especially when its benefits outweigh the risks of a surgical procedure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os riscos de complicações maternas agudas graves associadas ao parto cesárea sem indicação médica. MÉTODOS Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise. A busca na literatura ocorreu de forma sistemática, em múltiplas etapas, nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Web of Science, utilizando os descritores: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). O protocolo de estudo foi registrado na PROSPERO sob o número CRD42016032933. Foram encontrados 1.328 artigos, permanecendo, após seleção, oito publicações que atendiam ao objetivo do estudo e critérios de inclusão, com informações de 1.051.543 indivíduos. RESULTADOS Os resultados obtidos nas meta-análises indicam que mulheres de parto cesárea tem maior chance de morte materna (OR = 3,10; IC95% 1,92-5,00) e infecção pós-parto (OR = 2,83; IC95% 1,58-5,06), mas possuem menor chance de hemorragia (OR = 0,52; IC95% 0,48-0,57). Para o desfecho transfusão de sangue, o efeito agrupado não foi associado à via de parto (IC95% 0,88-2,81). CONCLUSÕES A qualidade da evidência foi considerada baixa para os desfechos hemorragia e transfusão de sangue e moderada para infecção pós-parto e morte materna. Assim, as cesáreas devem ser realizadas com prudência e segurança, principalmente quando seus benefícios superam os riscos de um procedimento cirúrgico.

Impacto de la hemorragia obstétrica mayor en la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave / Impact of major obstetric hemorrhage in extremely severe maternal morbidity

Introducción: la hemorragia es la complicación más significativa durante el embarazo, fundamentalmente del tercer y cuarto periodo del parto. Objetivos: caracterizar a las gestantes con hemorragia obstétrica mayor como causa de morbilidad materna extremadamente grave. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de desarrollo, transversal, observacional en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico Docente Mariana Grajales de Villa Clara desde enero de 2012 hasta diciembre de 2014. La población está constituida por 46 mujeres que tuvieron una hemorragia obstétrica mayor. Los datos se obtuvieron de la revisión documental del registro de partos e historias clínicas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado para identificar la relación entre variables. Se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica del Test de la mediana para buscar diferencias en los grupos según la causa de hemorragia. Resultados: predominan las pacientes que ya han tenido un parto o más con 78,3 por ciento y la atonía uterina como causa fundamental de hemorragia con 45,7 por ciento. Ocurrió la hemorragia después del parto en 71,7 por ciento. Conclusiones: la hemorragia obstétrica mayor se presenta con más frecuencia en las edades entre 20 y 35 años, y de ellas, las que han tenido un parto o más en su historia obstétrica. La atonía uterina sigue siendo la primera causa de hemorragia obstétrica mayor, y el puerperio el momento más crítico para la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave por hemorragia(AU)

Introduction: Hemorrhage is the most significant complication during pregnancy, mainly in the third and fourth stage of labor. Objectives: To characterize the pregnant women with major obstetric hemorrhage as a cause of extremely severe maternal morbidity. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and developing study performed in ¨Mariana Grajales¨ teaching gynecobstetric hospital in Villa Clara from January 2012 to December 2014. The study population was made up of 46 women who had major obstetric hemorrhage. Data were taken from review of documents from the delivery register and medical histories. For the statistical analysis, Chi square test was used to identify association among variables. The non-parametric test of the median´s test was applied to find differences among the groups by cause of hemorrhage. Results: Predominance of patients with one or more deliveries with 78.3 percent and uterus atony as an essential cause of hemorrhage with 45.7 percent of cases. Postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 71.7 percent of the group. Conclusions: Major obstetric hemorrhage occurs more frequently at ages of 20 to 35 years and in women with one or more deliveries in their obstetric history. Uterus atony remains the first cause of major obstetric hemorrhage and the puerperium is the most critical time for extremely severe maternal morbidity from hemorrhage(AU)

Associação entre síndromes hipertensivas e hemorragia pós-parto / Asociación entre las síndromes hipertensivas y hemorragia posparto / Association between hypertensive disorders and postpartum hemorrhage

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a associação entre síndromes hipertensivas e hemorragia pós-parto (HPP) através da mensuração do nível de hemoglobina (Hb) e hematócrito (Ht) em mulheres atendidas em um hospital universitário do interior paulista. Métodos Estudo epidemiológico, seccional, realizado com 100 primíparas, no período entre agosto e dezembro de 2012. Realizaram-se dosagens de hemoglobina e hematócrito na admissão da parturiente e 48 horas pós-parto. Consideraram-se como HPP valores ≥ queda de 10% do valor do hematócrito da admissão. A HPP foi considerada variável dependente, e as variáveis independentes consideradas foram as socioeconômicas, patológicas, assistência pré-natal, admissão, parto e assistência. Utilizaram-se análises estatísticas uni e bivariadas, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados As síndromes hipertensivas foram as doenças mais frequentes; houve presença de correlação positiva entre a queda nos níveis de Ht e Hb e não se identificou uma associação entre síndromes hipertensivas e HPP. Conclusões Primíparas portadoras de síndromes hipertensivas não apresentaram maior probabilidade de HPP.

RESUMEN Objetivos Investigar la asociación entre síndromes hipertensivas y hemorragia posparto (HHP), midiendo el nivel de hemoglobina y hematocrito entre mujeres que acuden a un hospital universitario de una provincia en el interior de São Paulo. Métodos Estudio epidemiologico, seccional o en corte, realizado con 100 primiparas, en el período comprendido entre agosto y diciembre de 2012. Fue realizado dosis de hemoglobina y hematocrito, en la admisión y 48 horas después del parto. Consideró como (HPP) valores / la caída del 10% del valor de lo hematocrito de la admisión. (HPP) fue considerada variable dependiente y socioeconómicas, patológicas, asistencia prenatal, admisión, parto y evolución y asistencia, independientes. Se utilizaron estadísticas univariadas y bivariadas, con nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados Síndromes hipertensivas fueron la enfermedad más frecuente; hubo presencia de correlación positiva entre la caída en los niveles del Ht y Hb y no encontraron una asociación entre las síndromes hipertensivas y HPP. Conclusiones primíparas con síndromes hipertensivas no fueron más propensas a PPH.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the association between hypertensive disorders and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), by measuring the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrits (Ht) levels among women attending a university hospital in the Sao Paulo countryside. Method Epidemiological, cross-sectional study, conducted with 100 primiparous, in the period between August and December 2012. Hemoglobin and hematocrit dosages were tested upon admission of the mother and 48 hours after delivery. Values ≥ 10% drop in the hematocrit numbers when compared to those shown in admission, were considered as HPP. HPP was considered the dependent variable and the independent variables were socioeconomic, pathological, prenatal care, admission, delivery and assistance. Univariate and bivariate statistics were used, with 5% significance level. Results The hypertensive disorders were the most commonly occurring disorders; there was the presence of positive correlation between the fall in Ht and Hb levels and there was no association found between hypertensive disorders and HPP. Conclusions Primiparous not suffering from hypertensive disorders were more likely to present PPH.

L'hemorragie grave du post partum; epidemiologie et prise en charge a l'Hopital

Introduction : L'hemorragie grave du post partum est une urgence obstetricale imprevisible mettant en jeu le pronostic vital et fonctionnel. Elle reste la principale cause de mortalite maternelle dans notre pays et ailleurs Buts : Rapporter l'experience de la maternite universitaire de Nabeul dans la prise en charge de l'hemorragie grave du post partum. Patientes et methodes : etude retrospective; descriptive; couvrant la periode de 2009 a 2011; et portant sur 92 dossiers des patientes ayant presente une hemorragie grave du post partum.. Resultats : Pres d'une patiente sur deux (46;8) avait moins de 30 ans. La frequence de l'hemorragie grave du post partum a ete de 6;03 pour mille accouchements. Les paucipares ont represente la majorite dans cet echantillon (69;6).La pre-eclampsie (21;7); l'hematome retro placentaire (14;1); et la macrosomie fotale (5;4); ont ete les principales associations morbides La cesarienne a ete le principal mode de delivrance dans ce groupe (68;5). Le diagnostic a ete souvent etabli en postpartum immediat (2h) avec une estimation moyenne du saignement de 1278ml. Le taux moyen d?hemoglobine au moment du diagnostic etait de 7;75 g/dl. Des troubles graves de l?hemostase avec CIVD ont ete retrouves chez 5 patientes (5;43). Les etiologies etaient dominees par l'inertie uterine (92;39 ); les lesions genitales basses (12.88) et la rupture uterine (3.68). Le Sulprostone a ete utilise chez 86 patientes (93;5). Trente sujets (32;6) ont necessite un recours a la chirurgie reparatrice; contre 62 (83;3) qui ont beneficie d'un traitement conservateur. Dans 5 cas; une hysterectomie d'hemostase a ete indiquee. Aucun deces maternel n'a ete rapporte. Conclusion : L'hemorragie grave du post-partum est une complication presente dans notre milieu ; elle concerne surtout la jeune parturiente et justifie des mesures preventives adequates ciblees sur les principales causes et les complications observees

Atonic uterus; risk factors and management as a cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage

This study was designed to determine the frequency of uterine atony in cases of primary postpartum hemorrhage [PPH] and to point out risk factors for it and observe different ways of management for control of atonic primary [PPH]. Prospective cross sectional study. This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department unit-I, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from 1st January to 31st December 2002 [one year]. The study was conducted on 80 patients. The study included all the pregnant women either booked or non-booked, who gave the inform consent. The sampling technique was convenience non probability. The patients were admitted through out-patient department and emergency, irrespective of age, place and mode of delivery, developing atonic primary PPH within twenty four hours and diagnosed as a case of uterine atony. All the cases of primary PPH other than due to uterine atony were excluded. Complete history, general physical examination, abdominal examination and pelvic examination was done. All the data was analyzed by SPSS version 10. Total number of deliveries during study period was 1438. Total number of patients with PPH were 155 out of which, the cases with primary PPH were 139, contributing about 89.7%. The incidence of primary PPH was 9.6 %. Out of 139 patients, the leading cause of primary PPH was uterine atony, contributing to 57.6%. The incidence of atonic uterus was 5.6 %. The highest incidence of uterine atony [37.5%] was found in women aged 26-30 years, followed by [27.5%] women aged 21-25 years.The highest incidence of primary PPH due to uterine atony was found in para 5-8 [56.3%], 6.3 % were primigravidas, 8.7% in para 1-4 and 28.7% in patients having more than eight children. Simple management included inj. Syntometrine, Oxytocin, uterine massage controlled bleeding in 53.7% cases. Prostaglandins [PGF2-alpha and PGE2] were administered in 32 cases and successful in 22 [68.7%] cases. Uterine packing was done in 8 cases, out of it, in 5 patients bleeding controlled [62.5%]. Ligation of uterine arteries was performed in 5 cases, it proved successful in 4[80%] and hysterectomy was done in 7.5% cases. Uterine atony is a major cause of primary PPH and major threat to the life of women in reproductive age. Uterine atony is more common in grand multipara, young women and in home delivery. Major risk factor for atony are previous history of primary PPH, grand multiparity, baby weight > 3.5kg and prolonged labour

Primary post partum hemorrhage. An obstetric catastrophe: a review of 270 cases

To see the frequency, causes of Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage [PPH], and identify the management options and to apply them successfully for control of primary PPH. So as to reduce the maternal morbidity and mortality rate. Retrospective study. This study was conducted in Gynae Unit-IV, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta from January 2011 to July 2012. The data was collected from the records of patients who were admitted as case of Primary PPH and developed PPH during the delivery / Cesarean section. The data was noted on predesigned Proforma which include, complete obstetrical history, abdominal and pelvic examination and relevant laboratory investigations. The maternal condition was assessed and managed according to Hospital protocol. All maternal complications were noted. The patients who were bleeding at the time of delivery due to non - obstetrical condition were excluded from study. A total 270 cases of PPH were diagnosed. Major causes of Primary PPH were uterine atony in 143 [53%] retained placenta, in 49 [18%] ruptured uterus in 43 [16%] cases. The risk factors for uterine atony were prolonged 1[st] and 2[nd] stage of labour, grand multipara and retained placental tissues. Patients were managed both medically and surgically. The major morbidities were anemia 32%, hypovolemic shock 26%, puerperal sepsis 15% and acute renal failure 5%. Primary PPH is an important cause of serious morbidity and one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in the developing and developed world. The majority of deaths are preventable by the active management of 3[rd] stage of labour followed by a logical management protocol

Dos modalidades terapéuticas en el alumbramiento activo / Two therapeutic modalities in the active childbirth

Se utilizó un nuevo plan terapéutico para el alumbramiento activo, basado en el empleo de misoprostol por vía sublingual, con vistas a evaluar su eficacia y seguridad. Para ello se realizó un ensayo clínico pragmático de fase III con características específicas, que incluyó a gestantes tomadas como controles y tratadas según lo normado en ese caso, así como 2 grupos experimentales (1 y 2), en cuyas integrantes se empleó el proceder activo no invasivo propuesto para el estudio. La muestra quedó conformada por 600 pacientes atendidas en el Servicio de Partos del Hospital Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales Coello de Santiago de Cuba desde junio de 2009 hasta igual mes de 2010. En los 2 últimos, tanto el tiempo de alumbramiento promedio como el volumen de sangrado calculado fueron menores que en el primero, de donde se concluyó que el misoprostol a las dosis y vía propuestas resultó ser más eficaz y seguro que la oxitocina

A new therapeutic plan was used for the active childbirth, based on sublingual misoprostol use, aimed at evaluating its effectiveness and safety. For this, a phase III pragmatic clinical trial was carried out with specific characteristics that included pregnant women taken as controls and treated according to the standards in that case, as well as 2 experimental groups (1 and 2) in whom the active and non invasive procedure proposed for the study was used. The sample was formed by 600 pregnant women assisted at the Childbirth Service of Mariana Grajales Coello Gynecological and Obstetrical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba from June, 2009 to the same month of 2010. In the 2 last groups, both the time of average childbirth and the volume of calculated bleeding were smaller than in the first one, and it was concluded that misoprostol at the doses and administration route proposed turned out to be more effective and safe than oxytocin

Sheehan's syndrome with central diabetes insipidus / Síndrome de Sheehan e diabetes insípido central

Sheehan's syndrome refers to the occurrence of hypopituitarism after delivery, usually preceded by postpartum hemorrhage. The condition still continues to be a common cause of hypopituitarism in developing countries like India. The disorder usually presents with anterior pituitary failure with preservation of posterior pituitary functions. Posterior pituitary dysfunction in the form of central diabetes insipidus is rare in patients with Sheehan's syndrome. We describe the clinical course of a young lady who after her sixth childbirth developed severe postpartum hemorrhage followed by development of panhypopituitarism which was confirmed by hormonal investigation and demonstration of empty sella on imaging. In addition, she developed Polyuria. The water deprivation test and response to vasopressin test results indicated central diabetes insipidus. She needed oral desmopressin on a continuous basis to control polyuria.

A síndrome de Sheehan está relacionada à ocorrência de hipopituitarismo pós-parto, geralmente precedido por hemorragia pós-parto. Essa condição clínica ainda constitui causa comum do hipopituitarismo observado em países em desenvolvimento como a Índia. Essa síndrome se caracteriza pela insuficiência da glândula hipofisária anterior, porém com a conservação das funções da glândula hipofisária posterior. A disfunção da hipófise posterior, sob a forma de diabetes insipidus central, é algo raramente observado em pacientes que apresentam a síndrome de Sheehan. Neste artigo, descrevemos o caso de uma jovem que, após o sexto parto, apresentou hemorragia pós-parto grave, seguida pela evolução de pan-hipopituitarismo que foi confirmado por pesquisa hormonal e exames de imagem que evidenciaram sela vazia. A jovem também apresentou poliúria. Os resultados do teste de privação de água e exame de resposta à vasopressina indicaram diabetes insípido central. A paciente fazia uso contínuo de desmopressina para controlar a poliúria.

Placenta percreta, experiencia en 20 años del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España / Placenta percreta: 20 years of experience in a university hospital

La placenta percreta es una rara enfermedad placentaria, con una incidencia muy baja y un muy difícil diagnóstico prenatal. Se presentan tres casos clínicos de placenta percreta recogidos en nuestro centro en los últimos 20 años. Se realiza una exposición detallada de cada uno de ellos, atendiendo fundamentalmente a la secuencia de acontecimientos quirúrgicos que tienen lugar tras el diagnóstico de esta grave entidad. La dificultad en el diagnóstico prenatal, así como la imperiosidad de las medidas terapéuticas, convierten a la placenta percreta en una enfermedad con una elevada morbilidad y mortalidad materna. El tratamiento quirúrgico así como la prevención y el tratamiento de la hemorragia posparto son las armas fundamentales para controlar esta gravísima complicación obstétrica.

The placenta percreta is a rare placental disease with a very low incidence and prenatal diagnosis difficult. We present three cases of placenta percreta observed in our hospital over the past 20 years. We present a detailed discussion of each of them, fundamentally to the sequence of surgical events that occur after the diagnosis of this serious entity. The difficulty of prenatal diagnosis, as well as the urgent therapeutic measures, make the placenta percreta in a disease with high morbidity and mortality. The surgical treatment and the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage are essential weapons to control this serious obstetric complication.